Definition: Wireless application protocol (WAP) is an application environment and set of communication protocols for wireless devices designed to enable manufacturer-, vendors-, and technology- independent access to the Internet and advance telephony services.

Introduction: WAP bridges the gap between the mobile world and the Internet as well as corporate intranets and offers the ability to deliver an unlimited range of mobile value-added services to subscribers-independent of their network, bearer, and terminal. Mobile subscribers can access the same wealth of information from a pocket-sized device as they can from the desktop.

WAP is a global standard and is not controlled by any single company Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola, and Unwired Planet founder the WAP Forum in the summer of 1997 with the wireless communications networks. The WAP specifications define a set of protocols in application, session, transaction, security, and transport layers, which enable operators, differentiation and fast/flexible service creation. There are now over one hundred members software houses, content providers, and companies developing services and applications for mobile devices. For more information, visit the WAP Forum at www.wapforum.org

WAP also defines a wireless application environment (WAE) aimed at enabling operators, manufactures, and content developers to develop advanced differentiating services and applications including a microbrowser, scripting facilities, e-mail, World Wide Web (WWW) -to-mobile-heandset messaging, and mobile-to-telefax access.

The WAP specifications continue to be develop by contributing members, who, though interoperability testing, have brought WAP into the limelight of the mobile data marketplace with fully functional WAP-enabled devices.

Based on the Internet model, the wireless device contains a microbrowser, while content and applications are hosted on Web servers.

Benefits

Operators: For wireless network operators, WAP promises to decreases churn, cut costs, and increase the subscriber base both by improving existing services, such as interfaces to voice-mail and prepaid system, and facilitating an unlimited range of new value-added services and applications, such as account management and billing inquiries. New applications can be introduced quickly and easily without the need for additional infrastructure or modifications to the phone. This will allow operators to differentiate themselves from their competitors with new, customized information services. WAP is an interoperable framework, enabling the provision of end-to-end turnkey solutions that will create a lasting competitive advantage, build consumer loyalty, and increase revenues.

Content Providers: Applications will be written in wireless markup language (WML), which is a subset of extensible markup language (XML). Using the same model as the Internet, WAP will enable content and application developers to grasp the tag-based WML that will pave the way for services to be written and deployed within an operator's network quickly and easily. As WAP is a global and interoperable open standard, content providers have immediate access to a wealth of potential customers who will seek such applications to enhance the service offerings given to their own existing and potential subscriber base. Mobile devices, and WAP opens the door to this untapped market that is expected to reach 100 million WAP enabled devices by the end of the year 2000. This presents developers with significant revenue opportunities.

End User: End users of WAP will benefit from easy, secure access to relevant Internet information and services such as unified messaging, banking, and entertainment through their mobile devices. Intranet information such as corporate databases can also be accessed via WAP technology. Because a wide range of handset manufacturer already supports the WAP initiative, users they support. Users will have significant freedom of choice when selecting mobile terminals and the applications they support. Users will be able to receive and request information in a controlled, fast, and low-cost environment, a fact that renders WAP services more attractive to consumers who demand more value and functionality from their mobile terminals.

As the initial focus of WAP, the Internet will set many of the trends in advance of WAP implementation. IT is expected that the Internet service providers (ISPs) will exploit the true potential of WAP. Web content developers will have great knowledge and direct access to the people they attempt to reach. In addition, these developers will likely acknowledge the huge potential of the operator's customer bases; thus they will be willing and able to offer competitive prices for their content. WAP's push capability will enable weather and travel information provides to use WAP. This push mechanism affords a distinct advantage over the WWW and represents tremendous potential for both information providers and mobile operators.

Why Choose WAP?

In the past, Wireless Internet access has been limited by the capabilities of handheld devices and wireless networks.

WAP utilizes Internet standards such as XML, user datagram protocol (UDP), and Internet protocol (IP). Many of the protocols are based on the Internet standards such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) and TLS but have been optimized for the unique constraints of the wireless environment: low bandwidth, high latency, and less connection stability.

Internet standards such as hypertext markup language (HTML), HTTP, TLS and transmission control protocol (TCP) are inefficient over mobile networks, requiring large amounts of mainly text-based data to be sent. Standard HTML content cannot be effectively displayed on the small-size screens of pocket-sized mobile phones and pagers.

WAP utilizes binary transmission for greater compression of data is optimized for long latency and low bandwidth. WAP session cope with intermittent coverage and can operate over a wide variety of wireless transports.

WML and wireless markup language script (WML Script) are used to produce WAP content. They make optimum use of small displays, and navigation may be performed with one hand. WAP content is scalable from a two-line text display on a basic device to a full graphic screen on the latest smart phones and communicators.

The lightweight WAP protocol stack is designed to minimize the required bandwidth and maximize the number of wireless network types that can deliver WAP content. Multiple networks will be targeted, with the additional aim of targeting multiple networks. These include global system for mobile communications (GSM) 900, 1,800, and 1,900 MHz; interim standard (IS)-136; digital European cordless communication (DECCTT); time-division multiple access (TDMA), personal communications service (PCS), FLEX, and code division multiple access (CDMA). All network technologies and bearers will also be supported, including short message service (SMS), USSD, circuit-switched cellular data (CSD), cellular digital packet data (CDPD), and general packet radio service (GPRS).

As WAP is based on a scalable-layered architecture, each layer can develop independently of the others. This makes it possible to introduce new bearers or to use new transport protocols without major changes in the other layers.

Mobile- Originated Example of WAP Architecture

WAP will provide multiple applications, for business and customer markets such as banking, corporate database access, and a messaging interface. The request from the mobile device is sent as URL through the operator's network to the WAP gateway, which is the interface between the operator's network and the Internet.

Architecture of the WAP Gateway

WDP: The WAP datagram protocol (WDP) is the transport layer that sends and receives messages via any available bearer network, including SMS, USSD, CSD, CDPD, IS-136 packet data, and GPRS.

WTLS: Wireless transport layer security (WTLS), an optional security layer, has encryption facilities that provide the secure transport service required by many applications, such as e-commerce.

WTP: The WAP transaction protocol (WTP) layer provides transaction support, adding reliability to the datagram service provided by WDP.

WSP

The WSP session protocol (WSP) layer provides a lightweight session layer to allow efficient exchange of data between applications.

HTTP Interface

The HTTP interface serves to retrieve WAP content from the Internet requested by the mobile device.

WAP content (WML and WML Script) is converted into a compact binary form for transmission over the air. The WAP microbrowser software within the mobile device interprets the byte code and displays the interactive WAP content.

The Future of WAP

The tremendous surge of interest and development in the area of wireless data in recent times has caused worldwide operators, infrastructure and terminal manufactures, and content developers to collaborate on an unprecedented scale, in an area notorious for the diversity of standards and protocols. The collaborative efforts of the WAP Forum have devised and continue to develop a set of protocols that provide a common environment for the development of advanced telephony services and Internet access for the wireless market. If the WAP protocols were to be as successful as transmission control protocol (TCP)/Internet protocol (IP), the boom in mobile communications would be phenomenal. Indeed, the WAP browser should do for mobile Internet what Netscape did for the Internet.

As mentioned earlier, Industry players from content developers to operators can explore the vast opportunity that WAP presents. As a fixed-line technology, the Internet has proved highly successful in reaching the homes of millions worldwide. However, mobile users until now have been forced to accept relatively basic levels of functionality, over and above voice communications and are beginning to demand the industry to move from a fixed to a mobile environment, carrying the functionality of a fixed environment with it.

Initially, services are to run over the well-established SMS bearer, which will dictate the nature and speed of early applications. Indeed, GSM currently does not offer the data rates that would allow mobile multimedia and Web browsing. With the advent of GPRS, which aimed at increasing the data rate to 115 kbps, as well as other emerging high-bandwidth bearers, the reality of access speeds equivalent or higher to that of a fixed-line scenario become evermore believable. GPRS is seen by many as the perfect partner for WAP, with its distinct time slots serving to manage date packets in a way that prevents users from being penalized for holding standard circuit-switched connections.

Handset Manufacturers and WAP Services

It is expected that mobile terminal manufactures will experience significant change as a result of WAP technology-a chance that will impact the look and feel of the hardware they produce. The main issues faced by this arm of the industry concern the size of mobile phones, power supplies, display size, usability, processing power, and the role of personal digital assistants (PDAs) and other mobile terminals.

With over 75 percent of the world's key handset manufactures already involved in the WAP Forum and announcing the implement release of WAP-compatible handsets, the drive toward new and innovative devices is quickly gathering pace. The handsets themselves will contain a microbrowser that will serve to interpret the byte code (generated from the WML/WMLS content) and display interactive content to the user.

The services available to the user will be wide-ranging in nature, as a result of the open specifications of the WAP, their similarity to the established and accepted Internet model, and the simplicity of the WML/WMLS languages with which the applications will be written Information will be available in push-and-pull functionality, with the ability for users to interact with services via both voice and data interfaces. Web browsing as experienced by the desktop user, however, is not expected to be the main drive behind WAP as result of time and processing restraints.

Real-time applications and services demand small and key pieces of information that will fuel the success of WAP in the mobile marketplace. Stock prices, news, weather, and travel are only some of the areas in which WAP application strategy involves taking them to be purposeful and user-friendly in a wireless environment.

Empowering the user with the ability to access a wealth of information and services from a mobile device will create a new battleground. Mobile industry player will fight to provide their customer with sophisticated, value-added services. As mobile commerce becomes a more secure and trusted channel by which consumers may conduct their financial affairs, the market for WAP will become even more lucrative.

WAP in the Competitive Environment

Competition for WAP protocols could come from a number of sources:

The advantages that WAP can offer over these other methods are the following:

(Theo www.aptech-education.com)